SUMMARY

WHAT IS LEARNING?

1. We think that learning is a process in which we acquired and shared different knowledge and then we put it in practice in order to strengthen what has been learned. On the other hand, we think that learning transcends the academic space(college, university) because taking into account that we are social agents, we also learn to be and live together, so that we know how to behave depending on the culture in which we find ourselves and to be social people. Also the learning process allows us to improve ourselves in a professional and personal way helping us to achieve our goals, it is important to clarify that to carry out the learning process (and all that this entails) it is not necessary to attend or be in a classroom, we often learn outside of it, thanks with the readings that we can find in the books what we have at home or in a library, even we can learn from our daily experiences.

HOW DO YOU LEARN?

Some of the advantages of learning a foreign language are the ease with which you can get tools to practice; for example listening to music, you can improve listening and also pronunciation; watching movies in a foreign language also helps, not only with you listening but with the understanding of situations. Another way to practice the language is with applicatons like Duolingo, Smart, among others which nowdays help us too much if we don’t have too much time and want to improve our skills. With this, also is important to have somebody who can give is feedback from who knows about the topic to analyze how far we have advanced in our learning process. In addition, is important to have a micro-goal what is more realistic to achieve. To have a nearby objective is better because, if you get it, you will feel the motivation to continue with the process and so you could grow up, both work and personally.

PART #4 - MAXIMISE YOUR LEARNING

LAURA BELTRAN:

In order to achieve a good learning process it is important that it is developed in an appropriate environment, with adequate guidelines, since we must take into account that in order to develop a good learning process it is necessary to have concentration and all our attention in that activity.During this chapter we talk about tools, postures, acoustics among other elements which can help us to develop a good learning process,starting from simple things like having a good atmosphere of concentration, keeping paper and pencil at hand to take notes and some tips to avoid deconcentration during the learning process,all this not only to improve our learning process but also to accelerate our learning process.

LADY MEJIA:

The learning environment it is really important when you are going to study, work, even sleep, it is the place where you are going to feel comfortably uncomfortable, the major part of our time for study, we have our cellphones with us, and it is a big distraction of what we are doing and we are going to take more time in our process of learning because of the distractions. Also some times we spend a lot of time in the same position and we must do some exercises in order to be relaxed and our mind with all the attention in what we are doing.

It is important to know that when we are learning it will be helpful to use more than one learning style and as we know it exist two kinds of learning the passive (Hear, read, etc) but also it exists the active one in which we use 2 or more styles (we hear and speak, we read and write) and In my opinion the active one is the best way to learn.

KAROLYNNE PRADA

To get a good learning process is important to have a good posture not just for a healthy life but to help our brain to get more oxygenation, then is important to have a good music, if you want, but without lyrics because it could distract us as well as do it the cell phone, sometimes the computer with tabs that is not related about our research topic. To have tools like pencil and paper is useful to write important things which help us to remember and organize our ideas. Also, it's important to recive feedback form someone who can tell us what we are doing wrong or right. All of that have to be taking into account in order to accelrate our learning process



DALGYS URRUTIA:

In order to accelerate our learning we must take into account certain aspects, such as: the learning environment which should promote concentration, in this there are 2 types: physical: we must take into account our position, where we are studying (bed , chair, lying, sitting) and the digital, we must turn off the cell phone, put the computer in airplane mode and avoid distracting us with the notifications of the cell phone. The second aspect is to have a social and active learning, transmitting what we have learned to someone else knowing that this helps to synthesize the information we know, besides, this makes us an active learner, who uses his senses to learn. Finally, the self-evaluation becomes a fundamental factor, since it allows us to know in what level we are and what we should improve, having a growth mindset allows us to understand that we should not be afraid of the evaluation, but to see this as an opportunity to learn more and of course, an opportunity to accelerate our learning.

PART #3 - CREATE YOUR PERSONALIZED LEARNING PLAN

LAURA BELTRAN:

When we start our learning process, many times we do not consider what objective or objectives we want to achieve. This chapter shows us the importance of macro and micro goals or objectives. It important for our learning process to establish some macro and micro goals set goals and know how to reach each of them, we can find 2 types of goals,the macro goals are the general goal, for example, the macro goal of learning languages ​​is to travel around the world, and the micro goals are the small goal such as using the language with a United States person, we must also remember that this goal is more specific. All this helps us to have a clear horizon about what we want and how we want to achieve it, some strategies are timetables where extra-curricular activities can be organized along with the learning processes, creating a balance.

LADY MEJIA:

For learning process, it is so important to have a learning plan, some times we as learners don't take importance to do this, but in any way, it is a good strategy for study some topic and have the enthusiasm to do it. You must have to establish your macro-goals and micro-goals and prioritize them, some times we start doing the easier task but in reality, we must start with the most important, or for example the one we need to deliver first. Then recognize your learning resources like texts, books, and apps, and finally, create a time table in order to organize your time and enjoy learning; have it is a useful tool for manage your time and no always been working and studying but also have time for your hobbies, family and the most important have time to sleep.

KAROLYNNE PRADA:

In a learning process is important to establish a macro-goals and micro-goals taking into account that micro-goals are which we can achieve in a short time while the macro-goals are long-term. To start our learning process, is important to define specific actions, each action require training and this can develop in a deliberate practice what is focused on the learning through self-guided, also, there is the guided session what is the learning that we acquire with help from others and complementary activities what is acquire from other forms of learning, like reading or reflecting. Is important that all of these practices will have an objective, a fun design, and a re-design to be effective in our learning process. In this process, we have to account with cheap resources such as physical tools (paper and pencil) and knowledge material (book from a library or videos from YouTube” or there are some resources a little bit expensive as human resources (foreign teachers or private classes) and package training. After having all this we have to schedule weekly in order to have time for our daily routine but more for the learning activities.  

DALGYS URRUTIA:

In order to develop our learning process, it is important to do a learning plan and to create this the macro goal and micro goal are important; the macro goal is a general goal that we want to achieve and the micro goal are specific goals that are established in order to achieve the overall goal. After establishing the micro goal, we must define the actions we are going to perform to achieve the micro goal and then organize training sessions that are fun and allow these actions. Then, we choose the resources to use according to our own criteria, these resources can be books, youtube videos, applications, individual teacher, and so on, and with these resources we define our timetable to study and learn, taking into account that we must leave time to spend with our family, enjoy the hobbies and rest.

PART #2 DEFINE YOUR LEARNING STRATEGY

LAURA BELTRÁN:

This chapter helps us to take back or implant some goals in our learning project since this helps us to maintain a clear point of what we want.
And if what I'm learning really helps me to achieve my macro or micro goals, this for avoiding the yaw of our goals, also is  important have and know what types of strategies bring us More efficiency in  our learning process and have clear guidelines to rethink or pose our way of learning, to develop a good learning process 

LADY MEJIA:

We must learn to identify our strengths and weaknesses; for this, we can make a self-assessment and be our own critics. Identifying weaknesses does not mean that we only see the bad and leave it at that, we need to recognize where we failed and work on improving so that these weaknesses become part of our strengths, which we must always strengthen and continue to work on in order to be better every day. On the other hand, we must identify the opportunities we have to improve or simply to advance and grow in our lives and studies, But for this, it is important to recognize what obstacles we could face and make a plan to overcome them. We must emphasize that we must always be willing to receive feedback either from someone else or even from ourselves that in the end, we are our biggest critics.

KAROLYNNE PRADA:

To define our strategic goal we need to find the direction for our learning, it could be focus on personal, professional or academic development it depends on each of us, after we have chosen the direction more convenient for us we have to explore our strengths and weakness in order to make a self-assessment and identify which are our failings so that we can get the opportunities to improve our learning process and conduct our learning project in an independent way, also, taking into account the opinion of other people since in some case they may see failings or abilities in us that ourselves do not recognize.       

DALGYS URRUTIA:

We must define our strategic goal in order to be able to develop our learning process and understand the way in which we want to direct this, but for this we must first know our abilities and weaknesses through a self-evaluation, but also taking into account our interpersonal relationships and listening to the point of view of the people around us, knowing that if we have a good relationship with learning, these weaknesses become an opportunity to strengthen ourselves. In the same way, we must know the opportunities we have to learn in order to take advantage of them and the threats, to always be prepared and not lose the opportunity.

PART #1 PREPARE YOURSELF TO LEARN

LAURA BELTRÁN:

This chapter takes us through the path of reflection about why we learn, what motivates us to learn and why it is good to learn by learning, during this chapter it is not only explained through universal reasons, but also helps us see beyond the process learning, helps us to understand that this process that goes beyond making money, this learning process involves changing ourselves, all this involves self-improvement and also involves having three aids or tools to achieve change, which on the need the professional, constant change and is our own directors of learning, but it is not only the learning of school or how to know how to split but also what is learned indirectly as it can be the value of honesty by not making a copy, among others. I believe that this chapter helps us to realize and to recapitulate why we are in the university and helps us to remember all those criteria that They helped us to choose what we do today, and it helps us re-elect everything we chose mechanically.

LADY MEJIA:

Learning how to learn is quite important because all the people have a different way to learn as well as different intelligence. One person can be very good at Sciences and the other in languages and this is fine. In colleges, when kids don’t do well in math, but they’re really good at drawing, their parents hire them a math teacher, But why not hire him a drawing teacher so he can exploit his talent and become better at what he likes and what goes well for him? Also, it is important to know that learning styles are present in each person, for example, some people learn better-watching images, videos and other ones learn making exercises of listening or listen to music.

We as a teacher is important to know this information in order to take into account when we are teaching to our students and try to do varied exercises.

KAROLYNNE PRADA:

To prepare to learn is important to take into account the diversity of intelligence which are focused on the logical-mathematical and the verbal-linguistic, it depends on the abilities that each person has. But the multiple intelligences is not the only component influences in the learning of the person, also, learning styles are included in the process, in which, we can distinguish between visual, auditory, linguistic, practical, reflexive, social, and logical-theoretical. All these are important to do the practice effectively using some methods depending on which way is easier for you to learn, there are many methods with which a person can learn; but it works just when you put it in practice, because, for each one there is a method which helps to understand better and sometimes to memorize in order to get an effective learning.  

DALGYS URRUTIA:

This part mainly seeks to show us that we are all born to learn and this is essential in the human being and therefore we must understand that all the time we are learning and therefore we need to know and if it is necessary to improve our relationship with learning. Sometimes due to bad experiences we believe that learning is not for us, because for example, in school we had bad grades in math or Spanish, but what we have to take into account is that there are different types of intelligence and it is ok not to know math because maybe we are excellent at music or literature. It is also important to mention error, because we have always believed that making an error is wrong, but in fact in my learning process at the university I have been learning that through mistakes I can teach my students and they should not be taken as something bad, but as an opportunity to learn more and this depends on my mentality and willingness to learn.

ESSAY

TECHNIQUES, THE ROAD TO LEARNING LANGUAGES

In the field of education an important concept to consider (and focus on), are the techniques,

comes from the Greek  τέχνη tékhnē which means protocols that aims to get a certain result.Taking to account this definition,  we can define techniques like a tools that help the teacher to achieve the different objectives proposed in the class along with the students, it allows for the proper and optimal development of class themes, or in our case the use and learning of the language; It is all due to the interactional activities, P.P.P (presentation, practice, and production) and GAP, each of these techniques use different methodologies that allow a better development of learning (in this case) of foreign languages.

The Interactional activities are very important during the process of learning a language because they have as one of their main objectives the positioning of the learner in a situation that allows him to train to be able to communicate in the 'real world'. These techniques take into account the role of the teacher as the person who provides knowledge in order that the student has an effective communication, as well as being a guide in the process that with the help of a communicative method seeks that the student can have social interaction.

The learning-centered provides a broader vision of the interactional activities, since it shows them from 3 important points, the first one: Interaction as a textual activity, which focuses on understanding the message and its content, for this it provides certain activities such as open dialogue, open sentence, among others; the second: Interaction as an interpersonal activity, seeks to allow the learner to maintain conversations and social relationships through activities such as : role-play, dialogues, among others; and, the third: Interaction as an Ideational activity, in which the students tell their own experiences and discuss about them. Finally, this technique focused on the interaction of the students allows them to appropriate the language and learn to communicate effectively inside and outside the classroom.

The P.P.P.P must be taken into account in order to have a good development of the class because these seek that the student not only learns the language but also knows how to develop it in a context. In order to better understand this process, each one will be explained and given an example.

First of all, when the teaching process begins, the presentation plays an important role, because this is where the student is involved in the language through the teacher who presents the language through a context, makes the subject known and explains to his pupils what they will do; Example, The teacher present the ordinal numbers by means of instructions on how to assemble a closet. Second we find the practice, that is indispensable, here the teacher reinforces the knowledge with activities that allow the Learner to learn how to use the language, become familiar with it and can have better mastery of the L2, Returning to the example of the ordinal numbers, here the student will do activities in which he will practice the use of the numbers in English. And finally the production is the final result that you have after the process that was carried out, where it is shown that you have a command of the language and know how to apply in different contexts. In the example of the numbers, the student at this point can present a recipe, using the ordinals to present it.

Learning-centered Supports what Prabhu (1987) proposes, it includes Information-gap, Reasoning-gap, and Opinion-gap activities in order to engage the students in the communicative interaction. We talk about information-gap when the student has to transmit information to another. It means that students should work in pairs in order to pass the information between them verbally to resolve a task. Reasoning-gap refers to the student will be able to infer, deduce, reason and perceive about a specific situation, an example to get this, would be in a group of students who has a determinate situation what is given by the teacher so that the students can discuss the topic and choose the best option for a given purpose.. Finally, we have Opinion gap which the main idea is student can express his preference, feeling or attitude, it is more focus on the emotional part of the student, here the student will be able to give his own point of view on a controversial issue. All that with the purpose to help the student find the correct way to express his thoughts, his message, his feeling effectively and interact with others in a specific context.

As a conclusion it is important to mention how those techniques are focused on provide the students not just knowledge related to the grammar or linguistic forms of the language, but also sociolinguistic, semantic and syntactic knowledge in order that student can have an effective communication in different contexts. Also in the learning process is too important the practice because it reinforces the previous knowledge in order to have a good learning result that will allow the student to operate in different contexts.

INFOGRAM CENTERED METHODS AND CORE CONCEPTS

SIMILARITIES AND DIFERENCES BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND LEARNER CENTERED METHODS

LANGUAGE AND LEARNER-CENTERED METHODS
SIMILARITIES	DIFFERENCES
Both are divided into theoretical principles, and classroom procedures and critical assessment.	The language-centered method is focused in acquire a language in a linguistic way
Talk about input modification and interactions activities.	The learner-centered method is focused on how the students acquire a language in a communicative way.
Both talk about how to acquire a language.
The interactions activities are focused on how the learned use his/her knowledge (grammar structure) in a specific context.	The acquisition in the language-centered methods is divided into mechanical meaningful and communicative.
In both parts the author talks about the theory of language, that is focused in a structural way and it is supported by some authors like a Chomsky.	The learner-centered method is based in pedagogical studies
The theory of language learning is focused on stimulus and response	In the learned centered method, the communicative activities integrated linguistic forms to achieve good communication
Both follow the presentation- practice-production structure.	Language centered-method uses the repetitions in order to eliminate error but for learner-centered methods is better to try to tolerate the errors improving the four skills.
Both are explicitly focused on grammar.	Language centered-method is focused on teaching, how to use the language but the learner-centered method is focused on the student knowing how to use it in different contexts.
In the two chapters, the syllabus is so important.	In learner-centered methods is focused on the 4 language skills ( listening, writing, reading, speaking)
The mechanical drill is present in both of them focused on automatic learning.	In learner chapter, the output of the learner is too important, while in language is the input.
Even if language centered method is focused on grammar and learner-centered method on communication; both want the students to use linguistic forms in a specific context.	Related to communication the language-centered method uses the linguistic form to communicate but the learner-centered method is focused on the governing norms in order to have effective communication.

CHAPTER 6: LEARNER-CENTERED METHODS

LEARNER-CENTERED METHODS

OPT

Is know as the different choices of plannig the lessons in order to adecuate them in a comunicative emphasis.

ENDORSE

As the way that the content are made to be helpfull in a real comunicative situation and prepare the students to act correctly in that situation not only with the grammatical structure besides make a correct use of the speech in the context 

GAP

As a  trall in wich the  teacher stablish a comunicative situation and the learners had to solve it in a interval 

WHEREAS

  

  

It is a conjuntion used to compare things that are different using in a phrase.

SHORTCOMING

 

In a communicative learning the teacher has to deal with any mistake that the learners do and encourage them to correct them and avoid them in the real situation

ENTRUST

It words is used to give someone a thing or a duty for which they are responsible; for example: We entrusted our dog to a neighbor when we went away on a trip.

CHUNK

In the communicative speach is the methodology used by the teacher to teach short situations to make easier the process of learnig 

INTERPLAY

  

As the different roles that the learners had to play to learn the different situations and variables that could happen in a real communicative situation 

ROTE LEARNING

As the way that the learners incorpore the knowledge adquire  

FOSTER

As  the main goal for the learners that is had the higher profency level to had a meaningful interaction outside of the classroom

DISREGARD

On the learner-centered method the focus is the language as a discourse for that reason the grammtical structure is avoid of the focus for this method

MINDLESS

This method had an specifical structure in wich the learner made a practice and a production,  the knowledge is systematic and help to the learner to adquire an specific structure to learn and show the knowledge adquire 

CHAPTER 5: LANGUAGE-CENTERED METHODS

LANGUAGE-CENTERED METHODS

TENET

                                        A principle or belief, generally held to be true

GRADITION

Every method has to had a sequence in order to show the order for the topics and also show  the activities that the method had planed    

LINEARITY

It is the way that the contents had an order to increase the difficulty of the content to evaluate the knowledge 

TRIGGERS

It is a resource or an activity that show a relation with a previous subject and prepear the subject for different kind of responses 

STIMULI

It is an external sign  who cause a reaction, that reaction could be manegable for the person who made that sign

ENTAIL

On the learning we understand "entail" as the way that the students would use that knowledge to "speak" the language 

CUE

It is the different ways that the teacher show the structure of a subject to get them familiar with that structure and know their different uses 

ELICIT

It is the response given for an specific question based on the subject presented by the teacher and the different resources that he uses to made the student know the structure with different variations

DRILL

Is understood as the process made by the teacher in order to dig deeply on the knowledge and break the basic pattern or the preview knowledge

NEGLECT

Error or lack of diligence of a person in fulfilling an obligation 

UNLIKE

Different from something that does not have the same qualities or characteristics


MILESTONE


An important event in the development or history of something or someone's life